| Ingredient | Amount | Substitution |
| Allspice | 1 tsp | 1/2 tsp cinnamon, 1/4 tsp ginger, and 1/4 tsp cloves |
| Arrowroot starch | 1 tsp | 1 tablespoon flour, OR 1 tsp cornstarch |
| Baking mix | 1 cup | 1 cup pancake mix OR 1 cup Easy Biscuit Mixture |
| Baking powder | 1 tsp | 1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 tsp cream of tartar OR 1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 cup buttermilk (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/2 cup) |
| Beer | 1 cup | 1 cup nonalcoholic beer OR 1 cup chicken broth |
| Brandy | 1/4 cup | 1 tsp imitation brandy extract plus enough water to make 1/4 cup |
| Bread crumbs | 1 cup | 1 cup cracker crumbs OR 1 cup matzo meal OR 1 cup ground oats |
| Broth: beef or chicken | 1 cup | 1 bouillon cube plus 1 cup boiling water OR 1 tablespoon soy sauce plus enough water to make 1 cup OR 1 cup vegetable broth |
| Brown sugar | 1 cup, packed | 1 cup white sugar plus 1/4 cup molasses and decrease the liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup OR 1 cup white sugar OR 1 1/4 cups confectioners' sugar |
| Butter (salted) | 1 cup | 1 cup margarine OR 1 cup shortening plus 1/2 tsp salt OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil plus 1/2 tsp salt OR 7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 tsp salt |
| Butter (unsalted) | 1 cup | 1 cup shortening OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil OR 7/8 cup lard |
| Buttermilk | 1 cup | 1 cup yogurt OR 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar plus enough milk to make 1 cup |
| Cheddar cheese | 1 cup shredded | 1 cup shredded Colby cheddar OR 1 cup shredded Monterey Jack cheese |
| Chervil | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh parsley |
| Chicken base | 1 tablespoon | 1 cup canned or homemade chicken broth or stock. Reduce liquid in recipe by 1 cup |
| Chocolate (semisweet) | 1 ounce | 1 (1-ounce) square of unsweetened chocolate plus 4 tsp sugar OR 1 ounce semisweet chocolate chips plus 1 tsp shortening |
| Chocolate (unsweetened) | 1 ounce | 3 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa plus 1 tablespoon shortening or vegetable oil |
| Cocoa | 1/4 cup | 1 (1-ounce) square unsweetened chocolate |
| Condensed cream of mushroom soup | 1 (10.75-ounce) can | 1 (10.75-ounce) can condensed cream of celery, cream of chicken, OR golden mushroom soup |
| Corn syrup | 1 cup | 1 1/4 cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water OR 1 cup honey OR 1 cup light treacle syrup |
| Cottage cheese | 1 cup | 1 cup farmer's cheese OR 1 cup ricotta cheese |
| Cracker crumbs | 1 cup | 1 cup bread crumbs OR 1 cup matzo meal OR 1 cup ground oats |
| Cream (half and half) | 1 cup | 7/8 cup milk plus 1 tablespoon butter |
| Cream (heavy) | 1 cup | 1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup butter |
| Cream (light) | 1 cup | 1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 3 tablespoons butter |
| Cream (whipped) | 1 cup | 1 cup frozen whipped topping, thawed |
| Cream cheese | 1 cup | 1 cup pureed cottage cheese OR 1 cup plain yogurt, strained overnight in a cheesecloth |
| Cream of tartar | 1 tsp | 2 tsp lemon juice or vinegar |
| Crème fraiche | 1 cup | Combine 1 cup of heavy cream and 1 tablespoon of plain yogurt. Let stand for 6 hours at room temperature |
| Egg | 1 whole (3 tablespoons or 1.7 oz) | 2 1/2 tablespoons of powdered egg substitute plus 2 1/2 tablespoons water OR 1/4 cup liquid egg substitute OR 1/4 cup silken tofu pureed OR 3 tablespoons mayonnaise OR half a banana mashed with 1/2 tsp baking powder OR 1 tablespoon powdered flax seed soaked in 3 tablespoons water |
| Evaporated milk | 1 cup | 1 cup light cream |
| Farmer's cheese | 8 ounces | 8 ounces dry cottage cheese OR 8 ounces creamed cottage cheese, drained |
| Fats for baking | 1 cup | 1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree |
| Flour--Bread | 1 cup | 1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 tsp wheat gluten (available at health food stores & some supermarkets) |
| Flour--Cake | 1 cup | 1 cup all-purpose flour minus 2 tablespoons |
| Flour--Self-Rising | 1 cup | 7/8 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/2 tsp baking powder and 1/2 tsp of salt |
| Garlic | 1 clove | 1/8 tsp garlic powder OR 1/2 tsp granulated garlic OR 1/2 tsp garlic salt--reduce salt in recipe |
| Gelatin | 1 tablespoon, granulated | 2 tsp agar agar |
| Ginger--dry | 1 tsp | 2 tsp chopped fresh ginger |
| Ginger--fresh | 1 tsp, minced | 1/2 tsp ground dried ginger |
| Green onion | 1/2 cup, chopped | 1/2 cup chopped onion, OR 1/2 cup chopped leek OR 1/2 cup chopped shallots |
| Hazelnuts | 1 cup whole | 1 cup macadamia nuts OR 1 cup almonds |
| Herbs--fresh | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh | 1 tsp (chopped or whole leaf) dried herbs |
| Herring | 8 ounces | 8 ounces of sardines |
| Honey | 1 cup | 1 1/4 cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water OR 1 cup corn syrup OR 1 cup light treacle syrup |
| Hot pepper sauce | 1 tsp | 3/4 tsp cayenne pepper plus 1 tsp vinegar |
| Ketchup | 1 cup | 1 cup tomato sauce plus 1 tsp vinegar plus 1 tablespoon sugar |
| Lard | 1 cup | 1 cup shortening OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil OR 1 cup butter |
| Lemon grass | 2 fresh stalks | 1 tablespoon lemon zest |
| Lemon juice | 1 tsp | 1/2 tsp vinegar OR 1 tsp white wine OR 1 tsp lime juice |
| Lemon zest | 1 tsp | 1/2 tsp lemon extract OR 2 tablespoons lemon juice |
| Lime juice | 1 tsp | 1 tsp vinegar OR 1 tsp white wine OR 1 tsp lemon juice |
| Lime zest | 1 tsp | 1 tsp lemon zest |
| Macadamia nuts | 1 cup | 1 cup almonds OR 1 cup hazelnuts |
| Mace | 1 tsp | 1 tsp nutmeg |
| Margarine | 1 cup | 1 cup shortening plus 1/2 tsp salt OR 1 cup butter OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil plus 1/2 tsp salt OR 7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 tsp salt |
| Mayonnaise | 1 cup | 1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup plain yogurt |
| Milk--whole | 1 cup | 1 cup soy milk OR 1 cup rice milk OR 1 cup water or juice OR 1/4 cup dry milk powder plus 1 cup water OR 2/3 cup evaporated milk plus 1/3 cup water |
| Mint--fresh | 1/4 cup chopped | 1 tablespoon dried mint leaves |
| Molasses | 1 cup | Mix 3/4 cup brown sugar and 1 tsp cream of tartar |
| Mustard--prepared | 1 tablespoon | Mix together 1 tablespoon dried mustard, 1 tsp water, 1 tsp vinegar and 1 tsp sugar |
| Onion | 1 cup, chopped | 1 cup chopped green onions OR 1 cup chopped shallots OR 1 cup chopped leeks OR 1/4 cup dried minced onion OR 1/4 cup onion powder |
| Orange juice | 1 tablespoon | 1 tablespoon other citrus juice |
| Orange zest | 1 tablespoon | 1/2 tsp orange extract OR 1 tsp lemon juice |
| Parmesan cheese | 1/2 cup, grated | 1/2 cup grated Asiago cheese OR 1/2 cup grated Romano cheese |
| Parsley | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh chervil OR 1 tsp dried parsley |
| Pepperoni | 1 ounce | 1 ounce salami |
| Raisin | 1 cup | 1 cup dried currants OR 1 cup dried cranberries OR 1 cup chopped pitted prunes |
| Rice--white | 1 cup, cooked | 1 cup cooked barley OR 1 cup cooked bulgur OR 1 cup cooked brown or wild rice |
| Ricotta | 1 cup | 1 cup dry cottage cheese OR 1 cup silken tofu |
| Rum | 1 tablespoon | 1/2 tsp rum extract, plus enough water to make 1 tablespoon |
| Saffron | 1/4 tsp | 1/4 tsp turmeric |
| Salami | 1 ounce | 1 ounce pepperoni |
| Semisweet chocolate chips | 1 cup | 1 cup chocolate candies OR 1 cup peanut butter or other flavored chips OR 1 cup chopped nuts OR 1 cup chopped dried fruit |
| Shallots, chopped | 1/2 cup | 1/2 cup chopped onion, OR 1/2 cup chopped leek OR 1/2 cup chopped green onion |
| Shortening | 1 cup | 1 cup butter OR 1 cup margarine minus 1/2 tsp salt from recipe |
| Sour cream | 1 cup | 1 cup plain yogurt OR 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar plus enough cream to make 1 cup OR 3/4 cup buttermilk mixed with 1/3 cup butter |
| Sour milk | 1 cup | 1 tablespoon vinegar or lemon juice mixed with enough milk to make 1 cup: Let stand 5 minutes to thicken |
| Soy sauce | 1/2 cup | 4 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce mixed with 1 tablespoon water |
| Stock--beef or chicken | 1 cup | 1 cube beef or chicken bouillon dissolved in 1 cup water |
| Sweetened condensed milk | 1 (14-ounce) can | 3/4 cup white sugar mixed with 1/2 cup water and 1 1/8 cups dry powdered milk: Bring to a boil and cook, stirring frequently, until thickened, about 20 minutes |
| Vegetable oil--for baking | 1 cup | 1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree |
| Vegetable oil--for frying | 1 cup | 1 cup lard OR 1 cup vegetable shortening |
| Vinegar | 1 tsp | 1 tsp lemon or lime juice OR 2 tsp white wine |
| White sugar | 1 cup | 1 cup brown sugar OR 1 1/4 cups confectioners' sugar OR 3/4 cup honey OR 3/4 cup corn syrup |
| Wine | 1 cup | 1 cup chicken or beef broth OR 1 cup fruit juice mixed with 2 tsp vinegar OR 1 cup water |
| Yeast-active dry | 1 (.25-ounce) package | 1 cake compressed yeast OR 2 1/2 tsp active dry yeast OR 2 1/2 tsp rapid rise yeast |
| Yogurt | 1 cup | 1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup buttermilk OR 1 cup sour milk |
Substitutions
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